Questions from students can range from abstract, to profound, to downright perplexing. Challenging queries can come at inopportune times. Yet, amid growing complexity of learning settings and subjects, skilfully and empathetically addressing difficult questions in the classroom can cultivate a collaborative learning atmosphere for all learners and educators.
Challenging questions are ones that require careful thought, critical analysis or a nuanced understanding of a topic, extending beyond a simple factual response. Such questions often involve additional considerations, such as hypothetical scenarios, ambiguity and even ethical dilemmas.
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This article outlines the art of thinking on the spot and responding to questions from learners in the moment; it aims to provide strategies and insights that foster more meaningful discussion and encourage critical thinking.
The importance of encouraging questions
Before considering how to respond to complex and challenging questions, we need to understand why fostering a culture of questioning is so critical in higher education. Encouraging learners to ask questions, and helping them to feel safe to do so, can stimulate students’ critical thinking. This in turn allows them to understand content more deeply and how it can be applied. Challenging questions can also be the impetus for insightful discussions and further exploration of complex concepts within and beyond classrooms.
Active listening and clarification
The first step for educators is to actively listen. In time-sensitive situations such as in the middle of a busy class or a corridor conversation, it can be tempting to rush an answer and move on. Instead, ask clarifying questions to ensure you understand. You could ask: “Can you elaborate on…?” or repeat the question back: “If I understand correctly, you are asking…?” If a learner raises a concern or curiosity, you can ask: “Is there a specific aspect that you are unsure about?” This shows learners that you want to hear their perspective and gives them space to articulate their thoughts more clearly, which can further help their own understanding.
Create space to reflect
Once you have a clearer understanding of the question, take a moment, if you need to reflect. Consider its implications, connections to the course material and potential for exploring content or ideas further with learners. This can allow you to gather your thoughts and formulate a more effective response. You can let learners know that you need to think about the right way to respond. This can not only show credibility but can indicate to learners that you take their question seriously. Where topics are controversial or uncertain, it can be helpful to explain that your answer is likely not the only correct one and that others may have differing views.
Shape moments for critical thinking
Challenging questions can be a powerful impetus for critical thinking. Rather than giving the simplest response, pose alternatives and encourage learners to think critically. Say, for example: “What do you think might be the possible solutions to this problem?” or “Can you identify any real-life examples that relate?” Prompts can challenge learners to reflect on their question from more than one angle and encourage active problem-solving. Socratic-style questions can foster dialogue and encourage learners to arrive at their own conclusions. For instance, you might ask: “Why do you think this question is important?” or “What assumptions do you think you or others might have about the question?”
Share your thought process
Sharing your thought process in addressing the question can model problem-solving or, in some situations, demonstrate actively how course content is applied. Explain how you approach the question, break it down into manageable components and offer potential answers or avenues for further exploration or where further knowledge needs to be gained. This transparency not only demystifies the process of critical thinking but also models for learners how to tackle complex issues themselves.
Emphasise the learning process
Emphasise that challenging questions are natural aspects of the learning process. Encourage learners to embrace uncertainty and view such questions as opportunities for growth. Remind them that it’s OK not to have all the answers and that exploration and enquiry are integral to both course content and their wider educational journey.
Seek collaborative solutions and group discussions
In some cases, especially when faced with particularly complex or multifaceted questions, it can be beneficial to involve the other learners in the process of finding a solution. Encourage group discussions or debates that allow learners to share their insights and work together to tackle the question. Collaborative problem-solving not only deepens understanding but also promotes teamwork and communication skills.
Centre questions and responses within a supportive environment
A classroom that encourages questions and embraces uncertainty is one where learners feel safe to express their curiosity. When learners know that their questions will be met with respect and consideration, they are more likely to engage in challenging enquiries. Ensuring learners’ safety also includes addressing potentially offensive or inappropriate questions calmly and promptly. These questions can be opportunities for education by addressing the issue at hand. For more serious issues, consider a private discussion with the learner and offer additional support.
By actively listening, encouraging critical thinking and creating a supportive learning environment, educators can effectively navigate questions and foster meaningful discussion for all learners.
Roma Forbes is a senior lecturer in physiotherapy in the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences at the University of Queensland.
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